Appearance
Endnotes
1. See: Tasnīm, vol. 24, p. 426, “qarn”; vol. 4, p. 136, “tatlūn”; vol. 28, p. 61, “dhikrā”.
2. Kitāb al-ʿAyn, vol. 5, pp. 140-141; Lisān al-ʿArab, vol. 13, pp. 332-333, “q r n”.
3. Qur’an, 18:56.
4. Naẓm al-Durar, vol. 4, p. 501.
5. See: Tafsīr al-Qummī, vol. 2, p. 31.
6. See: Ibid., p. 32.
7. According to some narrations, four people brought the earth under their rule: two believers, Prophet Solomon (a.s.) and Dhū al-Qarnayn, and two unbelievers, Nimrod and Nebuchadnezzar. (See: al-Khiṣāl, vol. 1, p. 255.) Such narrations, of course, are no proof of exclusivity. It should also be noted that rule over the earth in past ages differed from rule over the earth today, since sea routes in those times were very weak and no one knew anything of the far side of the Pacific Ocean.
8. See: al-Tafsīr al-Kabīr, vol. 21, p. 494. In all, he relates eleven explanations, some of which will come in the narrative discussion.
9. See: al-Jāmiʿ li-Aḥkām al-Qurʾān, vol. 11, p. 47.
10. See: al-Kashf wa al-Bayān, vol. 6, p. 190; Majmaʿ al-Bayān, vol. 6, p. 756.
11. See: al-Kashf wa al-Bayān, vol. 6, p. 190; al-Jāmiʿ li-Aḥkām al-Qurʾān, vol. 11, p. 48.
12. Rūḥ al-Maʿānī, vol. 8, p. 346.
13. ʿUyūn Akhbār al-Riḍā (a.s.), vol. 2, p. 273; Mafātīḥ al-Jinān, “Ziyārat Jāmiʿah Kabīrah”.
14. al-Mīzān, vol. 13, p. 360.
15. Qur’an, 18:84.
16. See: al-Tafsīr al-Kabīr, vol. 21, pp. 493-495. ʿAṭṭār Nīshābūrī also alludes to him in his Ilāhī-nāmah:
A sage saw Dhū al-Qarnayn on the road; that man of the court said to Dhū al-Qarnayn:
“How long will you keep circling the world? You have filled the whole world with turmoil.”
Alexander said: “Half of the climes I have set right; one half remains.”
(Ilāhī-nāmah of ʿAṭṭār Nīshābūrī, p. 275.)
17. See: al-Maṭālib al-ʿĀliyah, vol. 7, p. 131.
18. See: Rūḥ al-Maʿānī, vol. 8, p. 347.
19. Tafsīr al-Qurʾān al-Karīm, Mullā Ṣadrā, vol. 3, p. 304.
20. Pazhūhish-hā-yi Qurʾānī-yi ʿAllāmah Shaʿrānī, vol. 2, pp. 806-807.
21. Qur’an, 18:87.
22. Pazhūhish-hā-yi Qurʾānī-yi ʿAllāmah Shaʿrānī, vol. 2, p. 811.
23. al-Mīzān, vol. 13, pp. 388-389.
24. See: al-Mīzān, vol. 13, pp. 391-396.
25. Kūrush-i Kabīr, Abū al-Kalām, p. 28.
26. See: Farhang-i Jāmiʿ-i Tārīkh-i Īrān, vol. 2, pp. 705-708 and 766.
27. See: al-Bidāyah wa al-Nihāyah, vol. 2, p. 105.
28. See: Pazhūhish-hā-yi Qurʾānī-yi ʿAllāmah Shaʿrānī, vol. 2, pp. 806 and 811.
29. Qur’an, 27:34.
30. See: Tafsīr Rūḥ al-Bayān, vol. 5, pp. 293-294; al-Mīzān, vol. 13, p. 394.
31. Sharḥ Ḥikmat al-Ishrāq, Quṭb al-Dīn Shīrāzī, p. 29.
32. Sharḥ al-Manẓūmah, Sabzawārī, vol. 1, p. 57.
33. Majmaʿ al-Bayān, vol. 6, p. 758.
34. See: al-Āthār al-Bāqiyah, pp. 47-48.
35. Qur’an, 18:83, 86 and 94.
36. Tafsīr al-Qummī, vol. 2, p. 40.
37. See: al-Ḥayawān, Jāḥiẓ, vol. 1, p. 123.
38. See: Tafsīr al-ʿAyyāshī, vol. 2, pp. 340-341.
39. See: Ibid., p. 341; al-Bidāyah wa al-Nihāyah, vol. 2, pp. 104-105; al-Durr al-Manthūr, vol. 4, p. 242.
40. Tafsīr al-ʿAyyāshī, vol. 2, pp. 341-342; al-Durr al-Manthūr, vol. 4, p. 242.
41. Tafsīr al-ʿAyyāshī, vol. 2, p. 350; al-Durr al-Manthūr, vol. 4, p. 242.
42. al-Maḥāsin, vol. 1, p. 193; al-Bidāyah wa al-Nihāyah, vol. 2, p. 109; al-Durr al-Manthūr, vol. 4, p. 247.
43. al-Tafsīr al-Kabīr, vol. 21, p. 494.
44. Tafsīr al-ʿAyyāshī, vol. 2, p. 339; see: al-Iḥtijāj, vol. 1, p. 229.
45. See: al-Mīzān, vol. 13, p. 370.
46. See: Ibid., p. 374; Rūḥ al-Bayān, vol. 5, p. 290.
47. Kamāl al-Dīn wa Tamām al-Niʿmah, vol. 2, pp. 393-394.
48. Taqashshafa means: became wretched and helpless. (See: Lisān al-ʿArab, vol. 9, p. 282, “q sh f”.)
49. al-Kāfī, vol. 5, pp. 65-70.
50. See: al-Durr al-Manthūr, vol. 4, p. 241.
51. al-Ḥayawān, Jāḥiẓ, vol. 1, p. 123.
52. al-Khiṣāl, vol. 1, p. 255.
53. See: al-Mīzān, vol. 13, p. 374.
54. Qurb al-Isnād, pp. 321-322.
55. ʿUyūn Akhbār al-Riḍā (a.s.), vol. 2, p. 13.
56. See: Tasnīm, vol. 24, p. 427, “makkannāhum”; vol. 8, p. 318, “al-asbāb”; vol. 37, p. 290, “atbaʿahum”.
57. Qur’an, 10:90.
58. Qur’an, 18:85.
59. Qur’an, 18:89.
60. Qur’an, 7:175.
61. See: Mufradāt, pp. 162-163, “t b ʿ”; Majmaʿ al-Bayān, vol. 4, p. 768.
62. See: Kitāb al-ʿAyn, vol. 2, pp. 254-255; Lisān al-ʿArab, vol. 13, pp. 301-304; al-Miṣbāḥ al-Munīr, vol. 2, p. 440, “ʿ y n”.
63. See: Mufradāt, pp. 598-599, “ʿ y n”.
64. See: Ibid., p. 259, “ḥ m y”.
65. See: Ibid., p. 258, “ḥ m y”.
66. Qur’an, 20:64.
67. Qur’an, 27:34.
68. Qur’an, 22:41.
69. See: al-Mīzān, vol. 13, p. 360.
70. Qur’an, 27:23.
71. Qur’an, 12:56.
72. Qur’an, 28:6.
73. See: Tafsīr Muqātil ibn Sulaymān, vol. 2, p. 341 and vol. 3, pp. 335-336; Majmaʿ al-Bayān, vol. 5, p. 372 and vol. 7, p. 375.
74. al-Khiṣāl, vol. 1, p. 255.
75. Qur’an, 38:36-37.
76. Qur’an, 34:12.
77. It is worth noting that the Noble Qur’an does not speak of the motive for Dhū al-Qarnayn’s journey to the west and the east of the world: whether at the start it was for seeing the world and travel, and world conquest only later became his motive; or whether from the start he travelled to the west of the earth for world conquest, for knowledge of the bounds of the west, and to gauge the fighting strength of its people.
78. See: Tafsīr Yaḥyā ibn Sallām, vol. 1, p. 206; al-Mīzān, vol. 13, p. 360.
79. Qur’an, 18:87.
80. See: al-Mīzān, vol. 13, p. 361.
81. Qur’an, 17:15. “Messenger” in this verse means proof (ḥujjat).
82. Qur’an, 18:87.
83. Qur’an, 18:88.
84. Qur’an, 47:4. The other options of the choice have been specified by narration. (al-Khiṣāl, vol. 1, p. 275)
85. See: Tahdhīb al-Aḥkām, vol. 8, p. 315.
86. Qur’an, 18:89 and 92.
87. al-Kāfī, vol. 1, p. 183.
88. See: al-Tafsīr al-Kabīr, vol. 21, p. 496.
89. Qur’an, 17:104.
90. Qur’an, 28:7.
91. Qur’an, 2:246.
92. Qur’an, 2:247.
93. Kamāl al-Dīn wa Tamām al-Niʿmah, vol. 2, p. 393.
94. al-Ikhtiṣāṣ, p. 326.
95. Tafsīr al-ʿAyyāshī, vol. 2, p. 340. Similar content has also come in other narrations. (Kamāl al-Dīn wa Tamām al-Niʿmah, vol. 2, pp. 393-394)
96. Tafsīr al-ʿAyyāshī, vol. 2, p. 340; al-Khiṣāl, vol. 1, p. 248. In another hadith, his name is also given as ʿAbd Allāh ibn Ḍaḥḥāk ibn Maʿd. (al-Khiṣāl, vol. 1, p. 255)
97. Kamāl al-Dīn wa Tamām al-Niʿmah, vol. 2, p. 394.
98. al-Iḥtijāj, vol. 2, pp. 351-352.
99. [The book prints the footnote number here, but no footnote text appears on this page.]