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Methods of Qur'an Exegesis
The exegesis of a sacred text like the Qur'an encompasses both textual and rational methodologies. Textual exegesis involves interpretation directly from the sacred text itself, such as when one verse elucidates or supports the understanding of another (tafsīr al-Qurʾān bi al-Qurʾān), or it draws upon another narrative source, like authentic traditions that clarify a verse's meaning (tafsīr al-Qurʾān bi al-Sunnah).
These methods fall under the umbrella of text-based exegesis and collectively form what can be termed as "traditional exegesis" (tafsīr bi al-maʾthūr), as long as the term "traditional" or maʾthūr is understood not to be limited strictly to ḥadīth. This framework underscores the multifaceted approach to understanding the Qur'an, integrating both the scripture itself and supplementary narrative sources in its interpretation.
Intellectual exegesis unfolds in two main forms: first, through insights derived from internal and external evidence, where the intellect acts as a lamp, synthesizing understandings from various verses and traditions. This method, grounded in narrative sources, aligns more closely with traditional exegesis despite its intellectual engagement.
Second, it occurs by deducing meanings directly from the verses based on rational principles and the inherent logic of conventional sciences, with the intellect serving not merely as a lamp but as a source. This form of exegesis is distinctively intellectual, applied specifically when the intellect identifies confirmatory evidence and implicit argumentative principles to elucidate the verses.
Therefore, exegesis can fundamentally be categorized into traditional (or textual) and intellectual. Textual exegesis further divides into two distinct types, resulting in three primary categories:
- Explaining the Qur'an by the Qur'an
- Explaining the Qur'an by Sunnah
- Explaining the Qur'an by intellect
However, explaining the Qur'an based on personal opinion, known among exegetes as al-tafsīr bi al-raʾyy, does not constitute genuine exegesis but rather represents the projection of one's own views onto the Qur'an's text.
The Qur'an is not a blank slate upon which individuals can project their own interpretations (5), but rather, it is likened to a divine banquet, as articulated by the Noble Messenger (s.a.w.):
"The Qur'an is the feast of God, so learn as much as you can from His table."
This metaphor underscores the sanctity and richness of the Qur'an, precluding the imposition of external ideas and interpretations upon it. Engaging in such imposition is identified as the practice of al-tafsīr bi al-raʾyy (exegesis based on personal opinion), a highly criticized approach to Qur'anic understanding. It equates to overlaying one's personal beliefs onto the Qur'an, forcing it to align with individual views rather than seeking to uncover its intrinsic meanings.
The Noble Messenger (s.a.w.), conveying the words of God Almighty, warned:
"He who explains My words according to his own opinion has not believed in Me."
Thus, those seeking spiritual nourishment should approach the Qur'an as a bountiful feast, ready to be consumed in its pure and intended form, allowing their souls to be enriched and satisfied directly from its divine source.
To truly benefit from the Qur'an, one must refrain from approaching it with preconceived notions that mold the scripture into an extension of their own views. While prior knowledge can enhance intellectual capacity and potentially offer valuable insights, it should not dictate or alter Qur'anic exegesis.
Exegesis based on personal opinion (tafsīr bi al-raʾyy) is not only deemed unreasonable but is also explicitly prohibited by scriptural evidence. This prohibition is supported by two main pillars: numerous Qur'anic verses and traditions that warn against the severe repercussions of personal interpretation, including eternal damnation, apostasy, and a disavowal of faith. These issues, alongside the perils of opinion-based exegesis, will be explored in greater detail in the section dedicated to exegesis by opinion.
In the forthcoming sections, we will delve into the methodologies of exegesis that leverage both text and intellect, followed by a scrutiny of exegesis by opinion. Through meticulous reflection on these discussions, readers will gain a deeper understanding of the role of explaining the Qur'an by the Qur'an itself in relation to other exegetical methods. Additionally, the extent to which the Prophetic Sunnah contributes to the Qur'anic explanation process will be articulated.
Note
This examination will also illuminate how intellectual and textual exegesis can be harmoniously integrated and the importance of maintaining a systematic approach when employing these methods. Furthermore, potential resolutions to conflicts that might arise from the interplay between different sources and approaches will be proposed, offering a comprehensive view of the intricate process of Qur'anic exegesis.