The Belief in the Divinity of Jesus and Its Refutation

Those who called Jesus God are disbelievers: “Those who say that God is the Messiah, son of Mary, have disbelieved.” This sentence states that attribution to the Messiah does not save the Christians from the harm of disbelief (kufr), because they associated partners with God and did not truly believe in Him.(3) This same verse refutes the belief in the divinity of Jesus with several theological arguments:

Neither those who accuse the Virgin Mary of unchastity nor those who praise that lady for her purity and infallibility have any disagreement about Jesus being the son of Mary. For this reason, the Qur’an in most cases, like the verse under discussion, refers to that personage as the Messiah, son of Mary (al-Masīḥ ibn Maryam) or Jesus, son of Mary (ʿĪsā ibn Maryam),(4) while it refers to other prophets without mentioning the name of father or mother, such as O Noah (yā Nūḥ),(5) O Abraham (yā Ibrāhīm),(6) O Moses (yā Mūsā),(7) O David (yā Dāwūd).(8) This manner of referring to him is an allusion to this very proof of his non-divinity, because making a ruling dependent on a description indicates its causality.

Based on this, God through the best argument (jadāl aḥsan):(9) “and argue with them in a way that is best” (wa jādilhum bi-llatī hiya aḥsan)(10) establishes that the child of a created being is certainly created, not a deity, because divinity is accompanied by lordship (rubūbiyya) and lordship by creatorship, so a created being can never be a deity.